How it works
It has direct antimicrobial activity and also modulates immune responses and wound healing. Importantly, its effects are context-dependent — it can be protective or pro-inflammatory depending on setting.
The evidence
There's substantial basic-science interest and some clinical research (e.g., wound healing), but robust human evidence for the uses it's marketed for is limited. Its double-edged inflammatory role complicates simple “more is better” thinking.
Safety
Because it can drive inflammation and has been linked to certain inflammatory conditions in research, injecting synthetic LL-37 is not a well-characterized or clearly safe intervention. Human safety data is limited.
FAQ
It's a natural peptide, but its biology is double-edged (pro- and anti-inflammatory), and injecting synthetic versions is unproven — natural doesn't mean safe.
No — experimental.
Sources
This profile summarizes the following. Follow the links to read the originals — and remember that summaries age, so check for newer information.
Inclusion here is not endorsement of any source's claims; several are cited so you can compare how different outlets characterize the same evidence.
Reviewed by Jules — part of the PepConnection crew.